Chapter 1

2/12/2016

CHAPTER 1

Occupational Safety And Health Legislation

Understand the concept of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

What is OSH?

OSH is a study concerned with protecting the safety, health & welfare of all peoples engaged in workplace or employment

Aim of OSH

• The goal of OSH is to faster a safe work environment
• As a secondary effect, it may also protect anybody who are impacted by the workplace environment

Concept of OSH

• Safety First - all actions must take safety first
• All peoples are exposed to hazards at workplace
• All peoples should be protected from risks at workplace 
• Workplace must safe & healthy
• Reduce human error at workplace
• The workload and occupational environment must suitable with worker's physiological and psychological capabilities

The Role of OSH

Occupational safety & health should aim at :

• the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations;
• the prevention among workers from harm caused by their working condition;
• the protecting of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health;
• the placing and maintenance of the worker in an occupational environment adapted to his physiological and psychological capabilities;
• the adaption of work to man and the adaption of each man to his job

History of OSH

OSH role existense since 120 years ago. The history, can be explained in 5 eras:

• Steam Boiler Safety Era - before 1914
• Machinery Safety Era - 1914 till 1952
• Industrial Safety Era - 1953 till 1967
• Industrial Safety and Hygiene Era - 1970 till 1994
• Occupational Safety and Health Era - after 1994

Understand the important of safety in workplace

Why Safety Important?

• Health Factor :

Safety at workplace is importance to protect peoples from harm that effect body healthy

• Moral Factor:

To prevent from an accident that cause a depression and suffer to individual and their family

• Business Factor: 

To prevent from an accident that cause a loss to properties and peoples which could decrease the productivity and profit

Safety Terminology

• Employee means a person who is employed for wages under a contract of service on or in connection with the work of an industry

• Employer means the immediate employer or the principal employer or both

• Principal Employer means the owner of an industry or the person with whom an employee has entered into a contract or service

• Hazard is something that can cause accident if not controlled

• Cause is actions, omissions, events, condition, or a combination thereof, which led to the accident or incident (Hazard = Cause )

• Outcome is the harm/damage that results from an uncontrolled hazard (cause accident)

• Effect the outcomes resulted from an uncontrolled hazard such as injury, disease, damage, near-miss, loss

• Harm is the loss to a human being; consequent on damage. Example: injury and disease

• Damage is the loss of inherent quality suffered by an entity (physical or biological)

(Outcome = Effect = Harm = Damage)

• Incident is an event that occurs either planned or unplanned event and either caused good or bad outcomes

• Accident is an unplanned, unexpected event or occurrence which results in injury, fatalities, loss of production or damage to property

• Near-miss is an event which did not result in injury or damage to property but had the potential to do so

• Risk is a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved 

Type of Accident

• Slip, trip & fall of person
• Struck by an object
• Striking Against
• Caught in or between objects
• Burnt
• Overexertion / Strenuous Movements
• Exposure to a contact with extreme temperature
• Exposure to or contact with electric current
• Exposure to or contact with harmful substances or radiations

Electrical safety class

17 march 2017

Electrical safety class

Today we learn new topic..the topic is about electrical safety..this is the last topic in OSHA

This is my OSHA lecturer En Sharif explain about the chapter 7 topic Electrical Safety

They open their blog to complete it

THANK YOU =)

Case Study 1

Case Study 1

(Occupational First Aid)

This is my group member :

Nur Hidayah Binti Zarapi

Puteri Shazmira Sofea Binti Shafie

Nurul Najihah Binti Rosli

Anis Syafinaz Binti Mazlan

Siti Asmadiana Binti Saiful Amran

Muhamad Helmi Bin Sudirman

Mohd Shahzul Afiq Bin Zulkapli@Zulkifli

Rahimil Akmal Bin Mohd Nor

Solehah Binti Johari

Syukrina Nazifa Binti Sukeri

Nur Syafiqa Binti Ibrahim

Bone Fractures

A fracture is a broken bone. It can range from a thin crack to a complete break. Bone can fracture crosswise, lengthwise, in several places, or into many pieces. Most fractures happen when a bone is impacted by more force or pressure than it can support.

Treatment Bone Fractures

Cause:

- Fall from a  height

- Motor vehicle accidents

- Direct blow

- Repetitive forces,such as those caused by running,can cause stress fractures of the foot, ankle, tibia or hip

Symptoms:

- A visibly out-of-place or misshapen limb or joint

- Swelling, bruising, or bleeding

- Intense pain, Numbness and tingling

- Broken skin with bone protruding

- Limited mobility or inability to move a limb

First Aid:

- Keep the person still and calm

- Examine the person closely for other injuries

- If needed, immobilize the broken bone with a splint or sling. Possible splints include a rolled up newspaper or strips of wood. Immobilize the area both above and below the injured bone

- Apply ice packs to reduce pain and swelling

- Lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches above the head, and cover the person with a coat or blanket. However, do not move the person if a head, neck, or back injury is suspected.

Fracture Type

Type of bone fracture :

- Oblique - a fracture which goes at an angle yo the axis

- Comminuted - a fracture of many relatively small fragments

- Spiral - a fracture which runs around the axis of the bone

- Compound - a fracture (also called open) which breaks the skin

- Greenstick - an incomplete fracture in whhich the bone bends

- Transverse - a fracture that goes across the bone's axis

- Simple - a fracture which does not break the skin

First Aid Method

- Ankle splint

- Arm splint

- Elbow splint

- Upper Leg Splint

Video

Reference

http://www.healthline.com/health/fracture#Overview1

Chapter 5 - Occupational First Aid Note

case study 2

Case Study 2 (HIRARC) presentation

Group 1

Environmental Hazard

Group 2 

Ergonomic Hazard

Group 3

Heat Hazard

Group 4

Stress Hazard

Group 5

Biological Hazard

Group 6

Physical Hazard

Group 7

Chemical Hazard

Group 8

Psychological Hazard

My Group

(Physical Hazard)

My Group Member :

 Anis Syafinaz Binti Mazlan

Nurul Najihah Binti Rosli

Solehah Binti Johari

Siti Asmadiana Binti Saiful Amran

Nur Syafiqa Binti Ibrahim

Syukrina Nazifa Binti Sukeri

Extreme Temperature

During the summer months, the temperature in Illinois can reach dangerous levels. Extreme heat can be particularly hazardous for children, seniors, those with special needs, and pets. In addition to discomfort and fatigue, high temperatures can cause heat-related illnesses : heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. To protect yourself and others, please familiarize yourself with the following guidelines.

• Know the terms used by the National Weather Service during extreme heat: Heat Wave, Excessive Heat Watch, Heat Advisory, Excessive Heat Warning, and Heat Index.
• Stay out of the sun. If you must be in the sun, wear sunscreen (at least SPF 15) and a wide-brimmed hat. 
• Stay in the shade or under awnings as much as possible. 
• Avoid overexertion and strenuous outdoor activities. 
• Wear lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothes that cover as much skin as possible to prevent sunburn. 
• Consume plenty of non-alcoholic, non-caffeinated fluids, even if you don't feel thirsty. Water, diluted juices, and electrolyte solutions are best. Stay away from carbonated drinks. 
• Avoid alcohol. 
• If you are on a fluid-restricted diet or taking diuretics, consult your doctor before exposing yourself to heat. 
• Keep lights in your home low or off, keep shades drawn, and avoid using the oven.
• Keep rooms well ventilated with air conditioners and fans. Keep your windows open if you don't have air conditioning or a fan. 
  
  
  Note: Fans will not prevent heat-related illness when the temperature is in the high 90s. 
• Cool down with cool, wet towels and periodic cool baths or showers. 
• Take advantage of cooling centers, public pools, and air-conditioned stores and malls during periods of extreme heat.
• Exposure to air conditioning for even a few hours a day will reduce the risk for heat-related illness. 
• Closely monitor children, the elderly, or those who require special care during periods of intense summer heat. 
• Do not leave children or pets in a closed vehicle, even for a few minutes. On a hot day, temperatures inside a closed vehicle can reach 140ºF-190ºF within 30 minutes.
• Make a special effort to check on your neighbors during a heat wave, especially if they are seniors, families with young children, people with special needs, or living alone.
• Seniors and others who may be sensitive to extreme heat should contact friends, neighbors, or relatives periodically throughout the day.
• Seek help if you feel symptoms of heat-related illnesses.

Electrical & Mechanical Hazard

Electrical and Mechanical hazards are important factor in the hazards evaluation. Mainly hazard evaluation can be divided into two types one is External and another one is internal hazard. Out of these we are going to see the external hazards (electrical and mechanical hazards).  

Electrical hazards:

Electrical hazards are the one which arises due to electrical failure or component failure or malfunction of the equipment during the treatment.

1. The first and foremost thing is mishandling of the machine leads to malfunction as well as severe effect. So that, trained personnel should be handled the machine is a good practice.

2. In linear accelerators the output of the machine will change day by day due to some power fluctuations and other reasons. It might be increase or decrease, so that we need to check the output of the machine daily. If it’s not it leads to under or over dosage to the patient.

3. Improper accessory mounting is also leads to wrong treatment as well as potential damage to the patient.

4. Delivering the incorrect wedge value during the treatment is also a one of the electrical hazard. (Suppose if, the patient is planned for 30 degree wedge in a particular field but, the machine is delivering the 60 degree wedge distribution)

5. Software malfunction of the machine leads to the selection of the different energies other than the prescribed one automatically during the time of execution.

6. Due to the high voltage, the electric shock will also be possible sometimes.

7. The treatment room monitors or control console monitor will show one reading but, in the machine other sets of reading could be there. It is due to the malfunction of the software.

Mechanical Hazards:

1. The main mechanical hazard usually happen all the treatment units is that the optical field and radiation field of the treatment machine congruence will not be there. This has to be checked as weekly or periodically.

2. Treating the patient in the physics mode of the linear accelerator will leads to potential hazards.

3. The external accessory latching will failure during the treatment and fell down on the patient it leads to severe injury.

4. The opening of the collimator or MLC’s other than the prescribed one will also leads to potential hazards.

5. The failure or malfunction of the dose monitoring chambers leads to potential hazard to the patient. Because it will give always false reading until or unless detected.

6. The tip of the SSD scale is not sharp edged means it will show the some variation in the SSD when compared to the digital.

Radiation Hazard

Spontaneous decay of radioactive materials produces radiation. Radiation may be ionizing and non-ionizing. Alpha and beta, gamma and X-rays particles are the most common forms of ionizing radiations. Radioactive iodine is a beta particle released during nuclear plant accidents. The amount of energy the radiations can deposit in a given space varies with each type. Radiations also differ in the power to penetrate. Inside the body the alpha particle will deposit all its energy in a very small volume of tissue while gamma radiation will spread energy over a much larger volume.

The allowed exposures from specific radioactive sources to the public are limited to 100 mrem. Medical X-rays generally deliver less than 10 mrem.

All kinds of ionizing radiations produce health effects. The damages incurred by different kinds of tissue vary with the type of radiation to which the person is exposed and the means of exposure. Direct exposure to radiation and radiation emitters (radionuclides) can affect the whole body while inhalation or ingestion affects tissues inside the body. The body attempts to repair the damage caused by the radiation. However, at times the damage is so severe and widespread that repair is impossible. Radiations can damage the process of normal cell division leading to cancers. Non-ionizing radiations do not affect at molecular levels. They may cause electrical shocks and burns. Prolonged exposure to microwaves radiation, which is non-ionizing, may cause cataracts.

The thyroid gland is one of the most radiation-sensitive parts of the body, especially in babies and children. Most nuclear accidents release radioactive iodine into the atmosphere. This is absorbed by the body. Absorption of too much radioactive iodine can cause thyroid cancer to develop several years after exposure. 

Vibration Hazard

Vibration induced health conditions progress slowly. In the beginning it usually starts as a pain. As the vibration exposure continues, the pain may develop into an injury or disease. Pain is the first health condition that is noticed and should be addressed in order to stop the injury.

Vibration-induced white finger (VWF) is the most common condition among the operators of hand-held vibrating tools. The symptoms of VWF are aggravated when the hands are exposed to cold.

Vibration can cause changes in tendons, muscles, bones and joints, and can affect the nervous system. Collectively, these effects are known as Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS). Workers affected by HAVS commonly report:

• attacks of whitening (blanching) of one or more fingers when exposed to cold
• tingling and loss of sensation in the fingers
• loss of light touch
• pain and cold sensations between periodic white finger attacks
• loss of grip strength
• bone cysts in fingers and wrists

The development of HAVS is gradual and increases in severity over time. It may take a few months to several years for the symptoms of HAVS to become clinically noticeable.

Hypobaric/Hyperbaric Pressure

Hyperbaric medicine is medical treatment in which an ambient pressure greater than sea level atmospheric pressure is a necessary component.The treatment comprises hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT),the medical use of oxygen at an ambient pressure higher than atmospheric pressure, and therapeutic recompression for decompression illness, intended to reduce the injurious effects of systemic gas bubbles by physically reducing their size and providing improved conditions for elimination of bubbles and excess dissolved gas.

Noise Hazard

If sound is what we hear, then noise is unwanted sound. The difference between sound and noise is very subjective and varies by person, time and place. A rock concert may be an enjoyable sound to one person and an aggravating noise to someone else.

Noise is one of the most common occupational health hazards. In excessively noisy environments, permanent hearing loss is the main health concern. Noise creates health and safety hazards by:

•	increasing stress levels
•	impairing communication and concentration
•	causing accidents due to distractions (sudden, unexpected noises)
•	causing headaches, nausea and hearing loss

Controlling noise hazards 

To control the negative effects of noise exposure, noise levels should be reduced to acceptable levels. In some cases, technology and engineering modifications can be used to modify the source of the noise. Personal hearing protection (such as earmuffs or plugs) may also provide temporary protection and relief while other methods of reducing workplace noise are being investigated.

As a first step in dealing with noise, it is important to identify areas or activities where excessive exposure to noise occurs. Noise exposure guidelines have been developed that recommend the maximum duration that should be permitted for various decibel (dB) levels of noise. In Ontario, the workplace limit for noise is 85 dB over an 8-hour period.

some tips to help minimize the effects of noise:

•	Set up noisy equipment in a separate room.
•	Lower the volume on the television/radio.
•	Maintain equipment in good working order.
•	Encourage people to speak in lowered voices and to have conversations in areas that will not disturb others.
•	Use doors and dividers to reduce or redirect sound away from workstations.
•	Use earplugs for high noise activities. Illumination Hazard Illumination is a piece of the Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) that is commonly overlooked. The major hazards associated with lighting include:  Illumination levels can be too little or too much light. If there is too little light, your employees can’t see well. This can result in an error occurring because a dangerous situation may not be recognized with a corresponding decrease in an individual's reaction time. If there is too much light, bright lights can injure receptor cells in the eye. Bright lights can cause after-images that can obscure an individual's visual field until their receptor cells can recover. (The after image from a camera flashbulb is a common example). Changes in illumination levels can interfere with the ability of the eye to adjust quickly enough to permit seeing without error. Examples of changing light levels are the transition from bright outdoor light to dark interiors or from a bright area of a building to a dark one. Glare is the presence of a bright light in the visual field. Direct glare occurs when the light in the visual field is a source light. An example of direct glare is the headlight of an oncoming car at night. Reflected glare occurs when a bright light reflects from a surface, such as water or metal. Glare can lead to errors in perception and detection that result in accidents and may produce after-images or delay visibility due to adaptation.

Video

Reference 

https://www.illinois.gov/ready/hazards/pages/extremetemps.aspx

http://www.radiation-therapy-review.com/Electrical_and_Mechanical_Hazards.html

http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/radiation-hazards.htm

https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/vibration/vibration_effects.html

http://www.takeonestep.org/Pages/yoursafety/safenotsorry/noisehazards.aspx

http://www.richland.edu/sites/richland.edu/files/cpe/Safety%20for%20Central%20Illinois%20-%20July%202014.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P99hhIobID0