Case Study 2 (HIRARC) presentation
Group 1
Environmental Hazard
Group 2
Ergonomic Hazard
Group 3
Heat Hazard
Group 4
Stress Hazard
Group 5
Biological Hazard
Group 6
Physical Hazard
Group 7
Chemical Hazard
Group 8
Psychological Hazard
My Group
(Physical Hazard)
My Group Member :
Anis Syafinaz Binti Mazlan
Nurul Najihah Binti Rosli
Solehah Binti Johari
Siti Asmadiana Binti Saiful Amran
Nur Syafiqa Binti Ibrahim
Syukrina Nazifa Binti Sukeri
Extreme Temperature
During the summer
months, the temperature in Illinois can reach dangerous levels. Extreme heat
can be particularly hazardous for children, seniors, those with special needs,
and pets. In addition to discomfort and fatigue, high temperatures can cause heat-related illnesses : heat cramps, heat
exhaustion, and heat stroke. To protect yourself and others, please familiarize
yourself with the following guidelines.
- Know
the terms used by the National Weather Service during extreme heat:
Heat Wave, Excessive Heat Watch, Heat Advisory, Excessive Heat Warning, and
Heat Index.
- Stay
out of the sun. If you must be in the sun, wear sunscreen (at least SPF
15) and a wide-brimmed hat.
- Stay
in the shade or under awnings as much as possible.
- Avoid
overexertion and strenuous outdoor activities.
- Wear
lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothes that cover as much skin
as possible to prevent sunburn.
- Consume
plenty of non-alcoholic, non-caffeinated fluids, even if you don't feel
thirsty. Water, diluted juices, and electrolyte solutions are best. Stay
away from carbonated drinks.
- Avoid
alcohol.
- If
you are on a fluid-restricted diet or taking diuretics, consult your
doctor before exposing yourself to heat.
- Keep
lights in your home low or off, keep shades drawn, and avoid using the
oven.
- Keep rooms well ventilated with air conditioners and fans. Keep your windows open if you don't have air conditioning or a fan.Note: Fans will not prevent heat-related illness when the temperature is in the high 90s.
- Cool
down with cool, wet towels and periodic cool baths or showers.
- Take
advantage of cooling centers, public pools, and air-conditioned stores and
malls during periods of extreme heat.
- Exposure
to air conditioning for even a few hours a day will reduce the risk for
heat-related illness.
- Closely
monitor children, the elderly, or those who require special care during
periods of intense summer heat.
- Do
not leave children or pets in a closed vehicle, even for a few minutes. On
a hot day, temperatures inside a closed vehicle can reach 140ºF-190ºF
within 30 minutes.
- Make
a special effort to check on your neighbors during a heat wave, especially
if they are seniors, families with young children, people with special
needs, or living alone.
- Seniors
and others who may be sensitive to extreme heat should contact friends,
neighbors, or relatives periodically throughout the day.
- Seek help if you feel symptoms of heat-related illnesses.
Electrical & Mechanical Hazard
Electrical
and Mechanical hazards are important factor in the hazards evaluation. Mainly
hazard evaluation can be divided into two types one is External and another one
is internal hazard. Out of these we are going to see the external hazards (electrical
and mechanical hazards).
Electrical hazards:
Electrical hazards are the one which arises due to electrical
failure or component failure or malfunction of the equipment during the
treatment.
1.
The first and foremost thing is mishandling of the machine leads to malfunction
as well as severe effect. So that, trained personnel should be handled the
machine is a good practice.
2. In linear accelerators the output of the machine will
change day by day due to some power fluctuations and other reasons. It might be
increase or decrease, so that we need to check the output of the machine daily.
If it’s not it leads to under or over dosage to the patient.
3. Improper accessory mounting is also leads to wrong
treatment as well as potential damage to the patient.
4. Delivering the incorrect wedge value during the treatment
is also a one of the electrical hazard. (Suppose if, the patient is planned for
30 degree wedge in a particular field but, the machine is delivering the 60
degree wedge distribution)
5. Software malfunction of the machine leads to the selection
of the different energies other than the prescribed one automatically during
the time of execution.
6. Due to the high voltage, the electric shock will also be
possible sometimes.
7. The treatment room monitors or control console monitor
will show one reading but, in the machine other sets of reading could be there.
It is due to the malfunction of the software.
Mechanical
Hazards:
1. The main mechanical hazard usually happen all the treatment
units is that the optical field and radiation field of the treatment machine
congruence will not be there. This has to be checked as weekly or periodically.
2. Treating the patient in the physics mode of the linear
accelerator will leads to potential hazards.
3. The external accessory latching will failure during the
treatment and fell down on the patient it leads to severe injury.
4. The opening of the collimator or MLC’s other than the
prescribed one will also leads to potential hazards.
5. The failure or malfunction of the dose monitoring chambers
leads to potential hazard to the patient. Because it will give always false
reading until or unless detected.
6. The tip of the SSD scale is not sharp edged means it will
show the some variation in the SSD when compared to the digital.
Radiation Hazard
Spontaneous decay of radioactive materials produces radiation. Radiation may be ionizing and non-ionizing. Alpha and beta, gamma and X-rays particles are the most common
forms of ionizing radiations. Radioactive iodine is a beta particle
released during nuclear plant accidents. The amount of energy the radiations
can deposit in a given space varies with each type. Radiations also differ in
the power to penetrate. Inside the body the alpha particle will deposit all its
energy in a very small volume of tissue while gamma radiation will spread
energy over a much larger volume.
The allowed exposures from specific radioactive
sources to the public are limited to 100 mrem. Medical X-rays generally deliver
less than 10 mrem.
All kinds of ionizing radiations produce
health effects. The damages incurred by different kinds of
tissue vary with the type of radiation to which the person is exposed and the
means of exposure. Direct exposure to radiation and radiation emitters
(radionuclides) can affect the whole body while inhalation or ingestion affects
tissues inside the body. The body attempts to repair the damage caused by the
radiation. However, at times the damage is so severe and widespread that repair
is impossible. Radiations can damage the process of normal cell division leading
to cancers. Non-ionizing radiations do not affect at molecular levels. They may
cause electrical shocks and burns. Prolonged exposure to microwaves radiation,
which is non-ionizing, may cause cataracts.
The thyroid gland is one of the most radiation-sensitive parts of the
body, especially in babies and children. Most nuclear accidents release
radioactive iodine into the atmosphere. This is absorbed by the body.
Absorption of too much radioactive iodine can cause thyroid cancer to develop
several years after exposure.
Vibration Hazard
Vibration induced health conditions progress slowly. In the
beginning it usually starts as a pain. As the vibration exposure continues, the
pain may develop into an injury or disease. Pain is the first health condition
that is noticed and should be addressed in order to stop the injury.
Vibration-induced
white finger (VWF) is the most common condition among the operators of
hand-held vibrating tools. The symptoms of VWF are aggravated when the hands
are exposed to cold.
Vibration
can cause changes in tendons, muscles, bones and joints, and can affect the
nervous system. Collectively, these effects are known as Hand-Arm Vibration
Syndrome (HAVS). Workers affected by HAVS commonly report:
- attacks
of whitening (blanching) of one or more fingers when exposed to cold
- tingling
and loss of sensation in the fingers
- loss
of light touch
- pain
and cold sensations between periodic white finger attacks
- loss
of grip strength
- bone
cysts in fingers and wrists
The development of HAVS
is gradual and increases in severity over time. It may take a few months to several
years for the symptoms of HAVS to become clinically noticeable.
Hypobaric/Hyperbaric Pressure
Hyperbaric medicine is medical
treatment in which an ambient pressure greater than sea level atmospheric
pressure is a necessary component.
Noise Hazard
If sound is what we hear, then noise is
unwanted sound. The difference between sound and noise is very subjective and
varies by person, time and place. A rock concert may be an enjoyable sound to
one person and an aggravating noise to someone else.
Noise is one of the most common occupational health hazards.
In excessively noisy environments, permanent hearing loss is the main health
concern. Noise creates health and safety hazards by:
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increasing stress levels
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impairing communication and concentration
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causing accidents due to distractions (sudden, unexpected
noises)
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causing headaches, nausea and hearing loss
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Controlling noise hazards
To control the negative effects of noise exposure, noise
levels should be reduced to acceptable levels. In some cases, technology and
engineering modifications can be used to modify the source of the noise.
Personal hearing protection (such as earmuffs or plugs) may also provide
temporary protection and relief while other methods of reducing workplace noise
are being investigated.
As a first step in dealing with noise, it is important to
identify areas or activities where excessive exposure to noise occurs. Noise
exposure guidelines have been developed that recommend the maximum duration
that should be permitted for various decibel (dB) levels of noise. In Ontario,
the workplace limit for noise is 85 dB over an 8-hour period.
some tips to help minimize the effects of
noise:
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Set up noisy equipment in a separate room.
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Lower the volume on the television/radio.
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Maintain equipment in good working order.
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Encourage people to speak in lowered voices and to have
conversations in areas that will not disturb others.
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Use doors and dividers to reduce or redirect sound away from
workstations.
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Use earplugs for high noise activities.
Illumination Hazard
Illumination is a piece of
the Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) that is commonly overlooked. The major hazards
associated with lighting include:
Illumination levels
can be too little or too much light. If there is too little light, your
employees can’t see well. This can result in an error occurring because a
dangerous situation may not be recognized with a corresponding decrease in an
individual's reaction time. If there is too much light, bright lights can
injure receptor cells in the eye. Bright lights can cause after-images that can
obscure an individual's visual field until their receptor cells can recover.
(The after image from a camera flashbulb is a common example).
Changes
in illumination levels can interfere with the ability of the
eye to adjust quickly enough to permit seeing without error. Examples of
changing light levels are the transition from bright outdoor light to dark
interiors or from a bright area of a building to a dark one.
Glare
is the presence of a bright light in the visual field. Direct glare occurs when
the light in the visual field is a source light. An example of direct glare is
the headlight of an oncoming car at night. Reflected glare occurs when a bright
light reflects from a surface, such as water or metal. Glare can lead to errors
in perception and detection that result in accidents and may produce
after-images or delay visibility due to adaptation.
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Video
Reference
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